THE COOP Essay Example for Free

THE COOP Essay1. What is the size of the loss at the Coop? What could postulate been attributed to this loss? (Be unadulterated in your analysis) issue In 1994, The Coops total sales were $775,000, and there were 76 stores in total. So the Coop would reach the sales $58,900,000(76 x $775,000 =$58,900,000). If Coop were able to maintain the 10% growth per year. In 1995 Coops sales should be $64,790,000 ($58,900,000 x (1 +10%) =$64,790,000). However, due to the 6% average decline in sales for 20 stores, the real sales in 1995 is $62,310,000 (20 x $775,000 x (1-6%) + 56 x $775,000 x (1+10%) =,310,000). So in total Coop lost $2,480,000 ($64,790,000 $62,310,000 = $2,480,000) in 1995. There be many factors may result in Coops sales decline. Firstly, Coop may fail to meet the consumer needs. The Chicken Coop founded in 1974, and the specializing in chicken never changed. However the consumer taste and habit have changed today. Also, the consumer targeting between the age of 18 a nd 45 is too board. Secondly, the manger does not have depth knowledge about the market. Wallace made business plan rely on his hotel business experience. Thirdly, the flake of new employee increased because of the business expanding. However, there are many new employee are less trained, so the quality of the service decreased. Also, the Coop sales did not increase, the cost of the new employee increased a lot. Lastly, the competitors are improving. For example the KFC complemented its advertising with special promotions and provide a variety products service. All the four factors may have been attributed to Coops sales loss.2. Analyze the dynamics between McMichael and Wallace. Are they looking in the same direction? Why, why not? Answer McMichael and Wallace are two of the top managers. All of them are paid close attention to customers. They realized the lack of customer sight and market insight, but they have contrasting views about the market research and the sales slump. McM ichael worked for Coop science 1982, she always stand fors the quality of the food is the core competence of Coop. As same as Buckmeister, she believes the axiom We are chicken. So she thinks the better food quality and service could help Coop solve the sales problem. For Wallace, he is relatively new to the participation and has extensive experience in the hotel business. Wallace cogitate on renew the brand image to meet current consumer needs. He provided new menu to puff to a greater extent consumers. Wallace thinks Coop need new market activitiesimprove competitive advantages. Both McMichael and Wallace are thinking from their narrow functional area.3. Evaluate each of the initiatives proposed by Buckmeister, Wallace, and McMichael (pros and cons). Answer McMichael suggested Quality Inspection Program and The taste. The Quality Inspection Program will help Coop improve the quality of the food, service and facilities, these all important factors to attract consumers and incr ease sales. However, these platform only provide current information about Coop stores, it does not provide information about consumer taste and competitor situations. The taste grogram provided the information of competitors, it help Coop to make positive change to reflect competitive environment. However the information suffered from loyal customer may not represent all the consumer thought. And it has the cost of the program is high. Wallace suggested Brand Image Monitoring Surveys and The Customer Experience cultivation. The Brand Image Monitoring Surveys will gather three-figure data on the Coops brand image vis--vis its competitors.A market research supplier would interview customers and potential customer by telephone. This program may help Coop gather a lot of representative information. However it cost too much. And personally I do not same answer the telephone survey, especially pick up a call from restaurant which I have never been. The Customer Experience Study pro vided consumer virtually benefit if they cooperate with Coops survey, I think it will help for Coops brand image and attract loyal consumer. However, I do not think this is the best way to gather information with so many costs. Coop should consider is that worth to cost $45,600 and even more. Buckmeisters Customer Feedback Cards is a direct and easy way to get consumer feedback, and it cost less and response well. However, it will make employees and mangers work more. And the flexibility is poor, withal this method only gather information from current Coop consumer.4. Which one(s) would you support and why?Answer I support Wallaces suggestion. McMichaels suggestion focus on the customer service and food quality, I do not think this the main factors related to Coops sales decrease. I think Coop should focus on consumer information research. Coop is old company failed to meet current consumer needs. Wallaces suggestion will help Coop gather large information about consumer thinking, and then they can make changes to reflect the marketdevelopment.5. What would be the total cost of your selected market research and is it well reassert? Answer Brand Image Monitoring Surveys was the most expensive option that The Coop was considering. Proposals from market research suppliers ranged from $20,000 to $50,000, and it may need 900 interviews. The Customer Experience Study would cost $45,000 and even more. I think the cost is not justified, because not very consumer will cooperate with the survey. I do not think all telephone survey will be successes answered, but Coop has to pay it.

Science Fiction Can Be an Influence to the Evolution of Technology Essay Example for Free

information Fiction Can Be an Influence to the Evolution of Technology EssayIntroductionScience allegory and applied acquirement have been working hand-in-hand for years. Authors like constituent Rodenberry have castd many inventors to create technological devices such as touch screen computers, iPads and tablets. Even jumper cable journeys transporter engineering science and transparent aluminum are becoming a authoritativeity. Scientists, physicists, and engineers are using science fiction to gain insight to fresh ideas. The science fiction entertainment genre has often influenced technological development through literature, radio, television, and film. Do Inventors create their products under the Influence of science fiction? some(prenominal) people see technology pop into reality from the mind of the writers of science fiction, as did inventor Martin Cooper who created the mobile phone and gave credit to where he got his idea. pack credit Gene Rodenberry for ta blets and Transporter Technology, as well as transparent aluminum, and Apple QuickTime, while other(a)s have shown that learning computers came from the idea of Cylons from Battlestar Galactica and Terminator, even the world of Tron.Arthur C. Clarkes science fiction foresaw the use of Geostationary Satellite (GPS), as well as the Internet, which the world uses today. Jules Vernes science fiction stories brought people submarines and helicopters. H.G. Wells, who people shoot the breeze the father of science fiction, brought the world atomic energy and rockets through his stories. George Orwells book 1984, written in 1948, described a monitoring device, the government sensing on the people, and coined the term Big blood brother. The government is watching you. A former astronaut, Christopher J. Ferguson, gave credit to science fiction writers for the influence of the creation of the space station. According to How Does Science Fiction Influence Scientific Research? (2011),I look a t the space station and vehicles docking in space. Who would have imagined 40 years ago, other than on the pages of Buck Rogers and in the mind of Wernher von Braun, that we would be doing these things? But here we are, doing them on a regular basis. (Christopher J. Ferguson Former United States Astronaut, NASA). These are just a few instances where science fiction technology has influenced the creation of the real thing. at that place has been a majority of technological advancements by wizardry Trek, as the tablets, communicators, Bluetooth devices, and even technology in the work at of development such as the transporter technology created in the minds of the writers of science fiction. Fiction could change an individuals comprehension with the relationships indoors developments. (Gordon, 2009).As science fiction authors have envisioned items, some never saw them fulfilled while others have. Strauss (2012), Martin Cooper, the director of research and development at Motorola, credit the Star Trek communicator as his inspiration for the design of the first mobile phone in the early 1970s. (Cellphone). Cooper gave Gene Rodenberry the credit for the communicators from the original Star Trek. The writers of science fiction show an influence on people who later develop the work, in light of the fictional idea. Even I-Robot is now in the process of becoming a reality. Creators of the science fiction genre have ideas of what they want to see, although the technology is not available now. Geordi La Forges Visor in the Next Generation of Star Treks TV show is now becoming a reality.According to GeordiS Visor Becoming A veracity? (2012), Once again, a bit of Star Trek sci-fi is on the verge of becoming reality. This time its Geordi La Forges VISOR, which enabled the blind flake to see on Star Trek The Next Generation, thats close to becoming a practical device. (para. 1). The author conceives the creative idea that he or she writes in science fiction genre, whic h then fixs the basis for scientific realities or possibilities. As the writers ideas enter the mind of the inventors, through the invention the ideas become a reality. Many inventors have given credit to Gene Rodenberry for his technological devices in Star Trek. Star Wars is even becoming a reality as well as the other science fiction movies. Many use science fiction genre in the classroom. Science fiction genre came into the classrooms from everyday science, physics, and even engineering to inspire students. (Segall, 2002) Although science fiction has appeared in science and physics education for many years, the genre has not been widely used to make up engineering education.Considering the potential for science fiction to help illustrate many common engineering concepts, while at the same time challenging the students to call up about the many possibilities of design and technology, this exclusion represents a loss of a valuable resource. (p. 419) Albert Segalls paper showed that science fiction could advance technology and, by not using it, could hinder the inventor. Segalls point was that science fiction is in the science and physics classroom. It is a needed resource for people in the engineering field. As this shows, science fiction is a big part in creating technology and its devices.A physicist, Dr. Michio Kaku, even gives science fiction credit for the influence of technology. According to Transparent Aluminium Is New State Of Matter (2009), (PhysOrg.com) Oxford scientists have created a transparent form of aluminium by bombarding the metal with the worlds more or less powerful soft X-ray laser. Transparent aluminium previously only existed in science fiction, featuring in the movie Star Trek IV, only the real material is an exotic new body politic of matter with implications for planetary science and nuclear fusion. (para. 1). as well as the Associated Presss article on the data scientists gave on the transporter technology, OCONNOR (2002), CANBERRA, Australia (AP) Australian scientists said Monday they had successfully teleported a laser beam encoded with data, breaking it up and reconstructing an exact replica a kB away. (para. 1). As inventors continue to create new inventions, promising scientists, physicists and engineers can see the importance of the use of science fiction in a classroom.As Segall showed that science fiction could inspire engineers and inventors of the past, he demonstrated how science fiction could be helpful to students in the future. Some devices which science fiction created are still not a reality Many could say that science fiction is fantasy because time travel, shrinking or enlarging devices, and computer digitalization, as from the movie Tron, are heretofore to appear. Some people do not look at science fiction as a resource because of its negatively charged aspects.H.G. Wells, the author of the book, Time automobile which foreshadowed the movie called Back to the Future, The 50-F oot Woman, and Honey, I shrunk the Kids are but a few science fiction ideas that have not happened as far as we know. There are many examples that people use to say that science fiction does not influence technology, but there is more evidence to support that it does. Although Lightsabers of Star Wars are not in the same style as the movie, they have become reality in a similar prototype.What are the positive and negative sides of science fiction becoming a reality? As science fiction becomes reality, its use can be positive or negative but does it help or hurt humankind? Many technological devices developed from science fiction were taken from the private sector, utilized by the Military, and were altered to be used in another manner than previously intended. For instance, George Orwells book, called 1984, was banned by many school administrators from being read in schools because of its political learning ability of surveillance devices.ConclusionThrough literature, radio, televi sion, and film, the entertainment of science fiction has influenced technology and its devices. Arthur C. Clarke has seen the things he has written about come true. Science Fiction writers like Gene Rodenberry, H.G. Wells, Jules Verne, George Lucas, and other writers have given physicists, scientists, and engineers ideas of inspiration to create technological devices.Noticeably a few areas of science fiction have not become a reality yet, such as a human being digitized into an electronic form a human being shrunk or enlarged in sizing and time travel. Yet, many things in science fiction have come to reality for example, mobile phones, tablets, and touch screen computers. Even the term Big Brother is watching you, given through the thoughts of George Orwell from his book 1984, written in 1948, has seen a counterpart in modern surveillance equipment. The relationship of science fiction and technology has been working hand-in-hand for generations.ReferenceSegall, A. E. (2002, October) . Science fiction in the engineering classroom to help teach basic concepts and promote the profession. Journal of Engineering Education, 91(4), 419-423. How does science fiction influence scientific research?. (2011). Retrieved from http//curiosity.discovery.com/question/science-fiction-influence-scientific-research Gordon, R. (2009, December). Learning From Fiction Applications in Emerging Technologies. Bulletin of Science, Technology Society, 29(6), 470 475. Retrieved from http//bst.sagepub.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/29/6/470 Strauss, M. (2012). Ten Inventions elysian by Science Fiction. Retrieved from http//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Ten-Inventions-Inspired-by-ScienceFiction.html?c=ypage=7navigation=nextIMAGES Putt, S. (2011). Using science fiction to teach science facts. Minnesota State University, Mankato). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 41. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/894263497?accountid=35812. (894263497). Transparent alumi num is new state of matter. (2009). Retrieved from http//phys.org/news167925273.html OCONNOR, P. (2002). Scientists Report Teleported Data. Retrieved from http//www.timeenoughforlove.org/saved/YahooNewsScientistsReportTeleportedDat a.htm Geordis VISOR Becoming A Reality?. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.startrek.com/article/geordis-visor-becoming-a-reality

Merapi Eruption And Its Economic Impact Environmental Sciences Essay

Merapi Eruption And Its Economic Impact Environmental Sciences EssayRecently, Indonesia is faced with many natural mishap such as tsunami, earthquake, and volcanic gust. These disasters atomic bend 18 more than presumable to betide because of the geological location of Indonesia which is regain at the edge of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian architectonic plates.Just lately, Indonesia has been made panic by Gunung Merapi, which is one of many more Indonesias active stratovent mountain. This Gunung Merapi is located between Central Java and Yogyakarta in Indonesia. Gunung Merapi is one of the nigh active volcano in Indonesia. It has as well erupted regularly since the year 1548.To discuss about the sm modify effect of Gunung Merapi freely, this paper pull up stakesing be started with the introduction and the rendering about what is charge and Gunung Merapi.The discussion of this paper lead be then continued and list solely the effects, victims, loss and damage t o humans life. This paper lists the expound about the victims, environmental effects, the dangerous materials of this burping, damage and loss to many aras.The paper entrust then discuss about what the goernment activity action to stand by the victims and restores the come out that got the disadvantages of this eruption. The conclusion part of this paper will be the closing of the discussion with the summary details.IntroductionWithin these past few years ago, there argon many natural disasters that occured in Indonesia and the most frequently that happen is flood. The disasters that often happen in Indonesia ar flood, earthquake, and volcanic eruption, tsunami which are more likely to happen because of Indonesias geological location which is located at the edge of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates. Jakarta as the capital town of Indonesia is the place that flood will most likely to occur if there is a heavy rain with long enough duration to patch a floo d. The disaster than happen recently is eruption so this article will be focusing on volcanic eruption. 2010 eruptions of mount merapi. (2010, December 8).An eruption can be a really hazardous disaster for humans life due to its big explosion of the volcano, fall of the rocks and the ashes that can irritate humans breath and eyes. Indonesia has many active volcanic mountain like Gunung Merapi, Gunung Krakatau, Gunung Kelud, Gunung Semeru, Gunung Guntur and many some others. One of these active mountain which named Gunung Merapi, have done a great eruption recently, which is started at 26 October 2010. This eruption plainly made many negative effects on humans life and environment around that mountain. The examples of the negative effects are death and people get damaged, many house broken, people must leave their house and belongings and go to the safer place. They all feel very miserable for their loss because of this volcanic eruption.Merapis eruption likewise affects many thi ngs like how things going in Keraton Jogja which is the town that this Merapi located. There are so many things that get affected only because of this Merapis eruption. This article will talk deep about the details for all the effects on its environment, the damage and loss in many heavenss like social and infrastructure, the upholds of economy, growth, GDP and gross national product and unemployment impacts because of this eruption.1.2 The Definition of EruptionEruption is the phenomenon of the bursting out of magma to the surface of the earth. Eruption can be divided into two, such as explosive eruption and non explosive eruption. The types of eruption is depend on many things for examples, the thickness of magma, the composition of gas inside the magma, the effect of ground water, and magma chamber. The thickness of magma and the composition of gas inside the magma are depending on the composition of chemical of magma.Eruption has own mechanism. There are excess excreted gasse s, when the magma come its way to surface, and the gas pressure make the spread of volcanic material. The sue of gas excreted is some meters followed by a large sound of rumble that sometimes allow us to hear the rumbling voice as the equal time the volcanic material eruption occurs. The process of gas pressure is not need a long time. The plug holes in the crater by the gas pressure depends on the rate of gas production from the magma that make the increasing of the gas pressure, and strength to withstand the pressure of gas crater plug.The more powerful stoppers crater, the greater the percentage of the strong eruption.A fast- go flow of lava that flow drink to river, then spread in the plain at the hills sight of the volcano area can cause into the damages on serious economic and environmental. 2010 eruptions of mount merapi. (2010, December 8).Gunung Merapi 2010The massive explosion of Merapi Mountain happened on the first visit in the month of November 2010. The first explo sion occurs around 10.03 AM that started out with a small earthquake and falling down of materials. Soon after that the haze over of heat came along from the top of Merapi with a height of 1.5km. Based on the surveillance from the Monitor room of Merapi Activity in BPPTK Office loated in Jalan Cendana, Jogjakarta, the spoil of heat headed for the south entrance, which is the Gendol River and Woro River with acceleration of 4km.At 11.30AM, Merapi Mountain explode again, creating cloud of heat with height of approximately 3.5km. This is the second greatest explosion for the Friday, November 5, 2010. This is surveyed from Balerante, the group of clouds and balls heavy polluted vertically rumbling to the sky with the approximated height of 3.500meters. Due to the wind blows from north and east heading to the Cendawan Sea, and the cloud of heat is heading to the southeast kick of the delta of Gendol River, there are no further report from BNPTK about this explosion.This information i s directly conducted visually on Friday ,November 5, 2010. Around 11.35AM half of the hillside and mountain is covered in thick and dark cloud. The Earthquake itself is highly detected due to the seizmograph signal installed at various surveillance headquarters. Citizens in the southwest, southeast, south, and west are ordered to be cautious and prepared.As broadcasted, the massive explosion of Merapi before also happened on Friday this afternoon. Due to the explosion, 55 citizens are claimed dead up until this very afternoon. The dangerous partition off are expanded from the first 15km up to 20km. Types of volcanic eruption. (2010, December 6)Victims of eruption Gunung Merapi 2010This 2010 eruption is the worst since 1870. Thirty-two villages has become the victims and 70000 soul were being suggested to evacuate because they located in the danger territory. Those villages consist of 17 villages in territorial dominion of Magelang, 4 villages in District of Klaten, 3 villages in D istrict of Boyolali, and 8 villages in District of Sleman. This time Merapi is in critical teach, besides being marked with the the distance of heat cloud explosive eruption reaches 11.5 kilometer at Bebeng River and at unlike place the distance of heat cloud eruption reaches 11 km at White River, 10 km at Boyong River and 9.5 km at Gendol River. This time the heat cloud that out from the peak of Merapi has reached the height of more than 10 km, the number of victims is 73. Victims spread in 2 regions, which are 69 victims at the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta and 4 victims at Center Java. The injured, burn and blister victims have reached 100 persons. This condition is based on November 5, 2010 note. In relation to Merapis condition that still in dangerous, the government is let onking the carry out place for the refugee. After the second eruption, 55 persons are recorded dead until now. The prone region is being expanded from 15 km to 20 km. Types of volcanic eruption. (2010, Decem ber 6).Environmental effectsAs we know that Yogyakarta is a famous city recognized by many foreign tourists, Merapi eruption that occurred has given a cumulation of impact on the growth of touristry in Yogyakarta. After the eruption of Merapi that occurred in Yogyakarta, the level of trust decreased drastically and it has affected both foreign and domestic tourists, especially in tourism orbit. Although the eruption of merapi has decreased, the influence of the eruption was still heart throbbing especially for the resorts and provender corner. The hotel occupancy rate from both foreign and domestic tourists is about 30-40 percent of it.Moreover, the good news is that the percentage has make upd slightly after the start Adisucipto occupationdrome reopened. After Adisucipto airport was reopened, when the occupancy rate was only about 10-20 percent of it. The occupancy rate and the expected decline of tourists not only because of post-eruption of Merapi moreover is also caused by the news-media coverage of security concerns the city of Yogyakarta. In order to restore the name of the city of Yogyakarta as a safe tourism like before, the tourism parties in cooperation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and related agencies will hold a variety of series of events. Bataviase.co.id. (2010, December 28).2.12 Volcanic ashMeanwhile, the famous Borobudur temple also closed due to the disastrous eruption, the area of 185 hectares were completely paralyzed due to volcanic ash that covered the sky. After the great eruption hundreds of trees were uprooted around the temple and the access road leading to the temple was blocked. And even worse, the most powerful eruption makes the temple in critical condition and unlikely to be accessed. oppressiveness of volcanic ash reached 2-4 centimeters. The Jakarta post. ( 2010, December 28).2.13 Greenhouse effects in YogyakartaThe temperature in Yogyakarta is really high and hot.Average daytime air heat over 33 degrees Cel sius.This is caused by the ash which come from the eruption in which covers the surrounding areas. The volcanic ash covered the atmosphere of Yogyakarta, and that is one reason why the air is very hot.Currently, some areas in Yogyakarta Special Region are exposed to a kind of greenhouse effect caused by the volcanic ash particles in the air.In theory, the sun to the earth should be reflected into space by the atmosphere.However, because the dirty atmospheric conditions, sunlight reflected back to earth so that the air in Yogyakarta acquiring hot and sultry. In addition, the position of the sun at this time also was leaning towards the south and is still above the Yogyakarta area.Sun will continue moving south until December 22 2010 and again leaning to the north and back across the top of the city of Yogyakarta in February 2011. 2012discovery.com. (2010, October 30).Damage and losses2.21 Housing sectorsThe number of sufferers of the eruption is keep increasing, and people who didnt flee under the fear of the eruption have eventually run to the outer part of the eruption are to save their life. In the village every night additional evacuees continued to arrive, making the total increased to 2632 people from 2073 soul after the eruption. Additional refugees came from villages with a rundle of up to 10 kilometers from the peak of Merapi.The increasing numbers of the refugees make the needs of facilities and infrastructure to increase too. The worst matter is the numbers of public toilets in refugee camps are dirty and smelly. The tot up of water for public toilets is not routine.With the number of refugees who have started to increase rapidly, water supply should not be broken. Antara news. (2010, November 14).2.22 Health SectorThe eclogue Health Office Yogyakarta campaign held a clean and sanitary lifestyle to the refugees in each chosen Merapi evacuation.and they have conducted a campaign of clean and wellnessy lifestyle to the communities, which is to main taining and creating a clean and healthy lifestyle not only during disasters, but every time the need to maintain clean and healthy lifestyle. The determination of this clean and healthy lifestyle campaign was held to maintain and preserve the environmental health of both the family and society.The campaign is very important and needs to be dumb by society, in which people should maintain and implement the environment clean and healthy lifestyle, both when in the home environment and in environmental refugees. Ministry of health republic of Indonesia (2010, November 14).2.3 Infrastructure2.31 Transportation SectorsAs the eruption brings hundreds and even thousands people to death, it also caused damage the sectors such as transportation sector too. The closing down of the airport by the department of transportation has caused thousands of passengers to decrease drastically compared with the usual operation. It is estimated that even if the airport has been re-opened, it will not s how a good deal difference in the number of flights because of the fear of the eruption. Land transportation has also decrease drastically because the number of tourist visits dropped down drastically after the disaster happened. Car rentals and motorcycle rentals which are usually crowded suffered heavy blows. And many people had lost their jobs and in need to get another job in order to survive. Terradaily (2010, November 7).2.32 brawn ResourcesMinister of Energy and Mineral Resources will also conduct a program which is subsidizing the fuel in the energy sector. These programs include the construction of electricity infrastructure, the natural gas supply infrastructure, and improvement of energy infrastructure in eastern Indonesia. With this program, fuel restrictions could save up to Rp 3.8 trillion.The number is achieved if there is a decrease in fuel consumption of premium as much as 1 meg kiloliters with the meter of Rp 1.7 trillion, and the reduction of diesel consumpti on by 1 million kiloliters magnitude Rp 2.17 trillion.The government itself allocates the budget for fuel subsidies, biofuel and LPG amounted to Rp 95.9 trillion for the year 2011. Moreover the implementation of restrictions on fuel will be done in stages so that the social and economic impacts, especially inflation are expected relatively small. Otakit.com. (2010, November 15).2.33 Communications sectorAfter the eruptions, the telecommunication encounters the high telecommunication traffic. Telecommunications service remain smooth despite the high telecommunications traffic increase both incoming and outgoing around the slopes of Mount Merapi, particularly in Sleman, Magelang and Klaten. Starting from October 26, 2010 4 telecommunications agent established a post in Sleman and Magelang, PT XL Axiata, PT Telkom, PT Telkomsel and PT Indosat. The function of post is not only to monitor the prime(a) of service around the slopes of Mount Merapi, but also serve free telephone faciliti es and provide certain social assistance. In addition, also for the up affiliation and down link for a number of journalists who will send the latest news related to the condition of Mount Merapi from these posts, as provided by PT Telkom in STO Pakem, Sleman. Depkominfo.go.id. (2010, October 29).2.34 Water Supplies and sanitization damagesVillagers Bawukan and Gemampir have returned from refugee camps.When they get to their homes, they found that they had contaminated the water reservoir of volcanic ash.When displaced, they forgot to close or move the gutter.As a result, the volcanic ash mixed into their water supplies.This is contaminating the water and the water itself cannot be consumed or used for bathing because it causes itching. in addition, disaster response teams in Klaten are mobilizing water vacuum to drain the dirty water.Furthermore, the government also supplies two water tanks (10 thousand liters) to each owners water reservoir.For Gemampir village, it takes 464 water tanks, at a cost of Rp.50 thousand / tank.Total required funds of Rp.23, 200,000. Merapi Volcano Situation Report Part 8. ( 2010, November 28).Productive Sectors2.41 Agriculture SectorMerapi eruption destroy agriculture sector in Magelang regency, Central Java.Losses estimated at Rp 247.3 billion.Damaged crops consist of rice, fruits, and vegetables.Head of Food Crops, Plantation, Magelang regency Wijaya and Forestry said the damage occurred in most crops in 12 districts because of volcanic ash covered.The biggest losses occurred on the bark of plants, USD 84.01 billion.In total, the eruption causes 65% of crop damage and crop failure in the severe affected areas. point worse, damage also occurred on 201 ha of forest, 309 ha of state forest and 357 ha of plantation area. The estimate of losses on plantation sector reached 1.5 to 2 times more than the previous record.As a result of the eruption of Merapi in the form of hot clouds made a number of areas hit by the rain of ash.Ash ra in made for agricultural decline.Thousands hectares of plantations, vegetables and paddy rice are damaged. And thats why not a few residents who harvest rice more quickly even though it is not time.They are afraid of the rice goes bad when Merapi erupted again.This condition can certainly have a negative impact on residents.Food shortages feared to hit the people living on the slopes of Merapi.Number of land damaged by the eruption of Merapi, required no small amount of recovery funds.Longer recovery time was also given to date volcanic ash still flushed a number of areas on the slopes of Merapi. embassyofindonesia.org. (2010, November 28).2.42 Fisheries sectorThe production of fish, especially catfish in Yogyakarta, especially Boyolali reached more than 15 tons per day. But, As a result of this disaster, this production has decreased more than 50 percent. To normalize the level of fishery production, in the near future, precisely after the Merapi eruption stopped, the government wi ll do the rehabilitation of ponds and aquaculture ponds.In addition to the jackpot area of rehabilitation of 114 ha of land, to restore the economy in the fish farming sector, the farmers require at least 11 million fish tyke and more than 1050 tons of fish feed. More than 100 hectares of cropland damaged by Merapi covered with volcanic ash that resulted in millions of fish in the pond died and the estimated time value of losses has reached the range of USD 3.4 billion. The loss of that which include damage to facilities and infrastructure and the death of millions of farmers cultivated fish in ponds and fish ponds due to volcanic dust. The damage that resulted in a decrease of fisheries production is more than 50 percent. The worst area that was affected by the eruption was located in Sleman, an area of 117 hectares.Fisheries rehabilitation processes that will be done by the government require funds of around Rp 80 billion. Minister of fisheries.(2010, December 28).3.1 Impact on Economy Performance fearful eruptions by Mount Merapi that happened on October 26th and November 5th were expected to decrease economic approximately total worth of Rp3.4 trillion in Sleman district, Yogyakarta Province. Based on information and according to the Head of Sleman district, the losses were caused by ruins of business sectors such as tourism, culinary, commercial accommodation, agriculture, plantation, and dwellstock. So, In order to restore the economy, the government built brief houses (shelters) for the victims. The houses built by the government were just temporary houses for the Mount Merapi eruption refugees so that it could boost the peoples economy to prevent the decrease in growth that would likely much in effecting the GDP. Wireupdate.com. (2010, November 5).The national state point states that the loss in economic activity in the affected area is likely to have a minor effect. The main impact on the national economy is coming from the cost of the reconstruc tion effort which affected the national Government finances. Because the President of Indonesia didnt annunciate the GDP rate due to the impact of the eruption, so its GDP rate is still yet unknown. Furthermore, we can implied that the GDP will decrease due to the Merapis eruption, since all the victims lose their homes, money, and property, their ability to buy goods will definitely decrease, and yet the GDP decreases too. And thats why government built temporary shelters provide foods and consumption for the evacuees to boost up the GDP rates.Moreover, the sectors that giving impact to the countrys growth caused by merapi will be the agriculture sector, electricity, gas, and water sector, and the sector with the highest growth rate which was transportation and communication sector with total of 20,3% of the impact of merapi eruption. Despites of the disastrous Merapi eruption, the good news coming from the BPS ( Badan Pusat Statistik ), is that Indonesias GDP is increasing by 5,8 % in the 3rd quarter of 2010. In which on 2009, theres only 3.5 increase on Indonesias GDP. Wireupdate.com. Wireupdate.com. (2010, November 5). See appendix 1.3.2 Impact on InflationBecause of the severe eruption, the inflation of Yogyakarta is increasing, and it is reported that on November 2010, Yogyakarta encounter an increase of 0, 62 of its inflation. The inflation was caused by the increase of price that indicates from the CPI. There were 6 categories of expenses who encounter the increase of the CPI which is food substance increase by 2, 48%, family of delicatessen (drinks, cigarettes , tobacco) increase by 0,18%, category of housing needs (water, electricity, gasses, fuel) increase by 0,18%, category of clothing increase by 0,76%, category of health increase by 0,24% and on the other hand the category of education, recreation, and sports deflate about 0,07%.3.3 Impact on Consumer price index (CPI)The eruption of merapi which occurred at Yogyakarta and central java on Octob er and November 2010 brings impact on its economical condition. The impact covers the agriculture production and even the economic market, especially in Yogyakarta. This indication reflected from the information monitored by the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) that on November 2010, Yogyakarta encounter 0,62 % inflation with index amount of 124,35 which is higher if it is compared to the previous index on November 2010. And this which makes the inflation increase by 6,61%. The consultative group of Indonesia. (2010, June 14).3.4 Impacts on the UnemploymentSo in order for the government to increase the GDP, they kept finding ways in making programs for the evacuees and the refugee to get both jobs and income. Their objectives are not only the refugee and evacuees, but also the people who affected by the merapis eruption.The Indonesias minister idea to handle the victims are to invent a cash forward, which is giving jobs to the refugee so that they got something to do with. So the point i s if the government is now providing various kinds of jobs to the evacuees so that they can work, get income so that the unemployment rate would not fall harshly. Moreover, a lot of the evacuees who encounter mental wound caused by the eruptions which cause them unable to work and get income. Besides food and shelters, their psychological are also crucial, and what they need now is cash in order to live. And one of the jobs the government is offering will be the cleaning of volcanic ash for the refugee as one of their current jobs. The consultative group of Indonesia.3.5 Impacts on the LivelihoodsTrauma level are really high in the affected eruption area, and many evacuees are stress out and encounter a lot of problems such as fevers, sick, lack of food, feeling scared and trauma caused by the severe eruptions that strikes all in sudden. Besides the stress and trauma factor, people are frightened in fixing their houses or go to work, because theyre terrified of the volcanic ash th at risk their life. And thats why the government are starting to reconstructing the affected area, so that people can go back to their normal life and do their usual activities. Although the impact to the affected areas is very severe, some people trying to live and stay near their home and afraid that their assets and stuff will be stolen by people while theyre in the refugees camp. And even worse the water supply is declining, and the water quality is really bad in which it leads to lack of sanitation. Furthermore, people are hoping that the government can reconstruct the affected areas soon, so that they can bang their normal life. The consultative group of Indonesia. (2010, June 14).RecommendationObviously, by all of the listed impacts above, the GDP and the economic income of Indonesia will be decrease because of this Gunung Merapi eruption. The decrease of the economic income and the GDP will make a great suffer to the local peoples around that site. To prevent this to happen , the government and the peoples around the Merapis location should do a cooperate action like to clean the site from volcanic ashes, dish out others to build the house and place.The government have to see exactly how the condition and the damage of the eruption site. By see the damage directly, government can adjust the money and know all the requirement and needs of the refugees. Government also can know exactly how much do the refugees need the help and food or water, not just send the money and subsidize the food and shelter by hearing what other peoples said. Government also need to stock up some funds in order to prevent something that unexpectedly happens like if the food are expire or there were some more accidents happen to the refugees. All of the emergency situations that were unexpectedly happen can be prevent by this money so that the refugees may not suffer more trauma and depression.To make the Indonesias income and GDP increase again, government can focus to other countries such as Samarinda to help Indonesias income to rise again. In Samarinda, there are so many companies and factories that can help Indonesia gain much more income with just a little help from the government.ConclusionWith all of those effects of this Gunung Merapi eruption that occured in 2010 which have been listed above, it is obviously that eruption caused many disadvantages to humans life and the environment around that eruption site. approximately of these disadvantages of eruption are really dangerous including the hot magma that can killed people and animal, the volcanic ashes that are dangerous to humans breath and eyes, the hot gas that are coming out are also dangerous because its temperature is really low. Besides these physical danger, eruption also makes many disadvantages in many sectors such as health sector, productive sector, the economy performance, transportation sector, and also the loss of properties.People get much more stress and the eruption also did a trauma for certain people. They loss all their properties and house, they have to evacuate to other safe areas and left their house and heavy properties like table, television and bed. The refugees feel very frustated because of their condition and loss, some of them also get trauma because they really scared of this eruption to happen again. They also lose their job because of the destruction that this eruption made. The eruption destroys many things like their transportation vehicle, their properties and house, and also their place to do their daily work. All of these effects are really be a big loss and this eruption did many bad impacts on humans life and environment.APPENDIX 1Source tradingeconomics.com Badan pusat statistik Indonesia

Fly by Light in Aircraft Systems Analysis

Fly by Light in Aircraft Systems Analysisvulcanized lineament opthalmic telegraphs be widely practiced in telecommunication and net plow. It is kn consume for its properties which is alighter than standard shit stock, able to carry multiple signals in single cable, no galvanizing current snarled in the cable, cheaper than cop cable because it is made from silica (glass), and does nonList of abbreviationsFBW- Fly-by-WireFBL- Fly-by-Light1.1 OVERVIEWAt the early stage of aviation, aircraft utilized cables and pulleys for find outs in addition kn declare as mechanical linkage. This cables and pulleys act as pull and push frame to move the flight place the hangs surfaces at the expense of the pi clusters effort. By using the cables and pulleys, every(prenominal) forces act on the flight control surfaces are being transmitted to the cockpit control and felt directly by the pi sells which they overhear to counter these forces using their aver strength without any assistance. Early aircraft were lightweight and the aircraft stub only fly at a slower speed thus aerodynamic force is non strong make it possible to manoeuvres the aircraft.With invigorated emerging technology and war at that time, air superiority has become an advantage. Aircraft needfully to fly faster, carry to a greater extent(prenominal) payload and strong. This is when hydraulic arrangings plays an important role in aircraft control system. By using hydraulic systems, aircraft can fly faster delinquent to the pilot does not pass to put additional effort to move the control surfaces with increasing aerodynamic forces. Hydro-mechanical control system is a system which mechanical linkages are affiliated to the hydraulic system. This system utilized cables, pulleys, and gears at the cockpit control and hydraulic system consist of pipes, reservoir, valves and pumps at the control surfaces. With hydro-mechanical system, the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surfa ces are not felt by the pilots making it easy to controls. Stick shaker and artificial feedback are the methods to replicate the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surfaces to the cockpit control. It was to figure that the pilot does not manoeuvre the aircraft beyond its limitation.Although the hydro-mechanical system gives a plenty advantages to the pilot, it was deemed as heavy, hard to master(prenominal)tain and not practical for larger aircraft as the cables would have to run over a long distance of aircraft fuselage.Commercial aircraft nowadays are bigger, faster and fly higher than before. Hydro-mechanical control system might not able to accommodate the complicated and sensitive controls made for passengers comfort. Nowadays, majority commercial airliners use Fly-by-Wire system. FBW system replaces the cables, pulleys and gears with copper run lows which carries electrical signals from the cockpit control to the control surfaces. FBW eliminate the ineluctably to m aintain the cables, pulleys or the gears thus reducing weight of the aircraft. FBW is very efficient due to it being electronically control by computers which manage the autopilot system and aircraft system.Although FBW is considered as the trump out option available today, it is stillness needs to be upgrade. Copper wire can only carry one signal for for each one wire which mean for a single system that might needs four signals, it needs four copper wires. Due to this nature, typical aircraft with FBW give have a bundles of copper wires and for maintenance side, working with bundles of wires takes time and lot of manpower. FBW system is still considered to be heavy due to the sum of copper cables involved and caging due to susceptible to electromagnetic frequency.Fly-by-Light is a technology that might be the answer for future aircraft development. FBL technology is not a new thing plainly the look for is slowly progress as it still being tested and research since the 90s. A lthough FBL might not be implemented in near future entirely the concept have been use in todays inflight entertainment system which utilized graphic symbol visual cable to cater all passengers preference.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THIS STUDYIn the world of aviation, synthetic rubberty comes first, revenue comes second and followed by everything else. The information gather in this study might prove that FBL has capability for future aircraft development. Aircraft renderrs and aviation operators such(prenominal)(prenominal) as airline companies and private sectors always be look into more reliable aircraft, weight-fuel saving and easy to maintain. This study provide prove whether it is possible or not to replace the old fly-by-wire system with new fly-by-light system and offer more advantages.1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVESThe aim for this study is to investigate whether fly-by-light is the future for aircraft system and how it go forth affect the traditional maintenance practice. In order to complete this study and to achieve the aim as say, few objectives must be completed such asTo discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case oculus cables over standard copper wire on commercial aircraft and military aircraft.To discuss the development and potential of fly-by-light on aircraft system.To show the complication of using fly-by-light system on commercial and military aircraft.To find out whether it exit be more cost sound for aircraft manufacturers to manufacture new aircraft system in future aircraft development.To find out the cost and its effect on traditional maintenance practice.1.4 schemeTechnology growth always research for a new alternative to make aircraft lighter, lower cost and increase reliability. Fly-by-wire system manage to make modern airliners bigger, fly higher, more reliable, save cost and increase in revenue. If fly-by-light system is going to replace the FBW system in the future, commercial and military aircraft will see a lot of im provement in terms of fuel saving due to weight reduction, faster response aim and more simple system assembleed that is easy to manufacture and maintain. Fly-by-light may not be the system in near future due to the nature of role oculus technology that is not suffice to harbor aircraft environment but with improvement and further research into vulcanized fiber optic technology, Fly-by-light soon will replace the fly-by-wire system.1.5 LIMITATIONThe main purpose of this study is to do a research whether fly-by-light system might replace the fly-by-wire system in the future. It does not discuss about implementation or direct costing which may involve specific value because this system is yet still under research and development. Any costing stated in this study is mainly an estimate based on current market value.2.1 OverviewTodays aircraft have shown a significant improvement in flight control system. Boeing 787 and Airbus 380 have successfully flown on a fully fly-by-wire sys tem independently. Having the flight control system runs solely on electrical power, the respective aircraft have managed to change every aspects that are common to preceding aircraft. Boeing 787 and Airbus 380 are using no-bleed engine as the flight control system now run on electricity, the actuators hydraulics are being pumped by electrical pump and air- determineing are also run on electrical power. This technological advancement have yet to have its downside which is the aircraft bespeak a lot of shielding in order to protect the electrical system from electromagnetic interference or EMI. The shielding to keep the EMI at minimum have its own disadvantage because shielding is heavy and it makes it hard to access during maintenance. It might be a success for fly-by-wire system in Boeing 787 and Airbus 380 but by understanding of what FBL can offer for further aircraft development is very promising.2.2 FLY-BY-LIGHT AS NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT SYSTEM2.2.1 Advantages o f using fibre optic cables over copper cablesFibre optic cable is made up of bundle of glass strands come oned in insulated cover. Fibre optic cables nowadays widely used for networking and communication as it offers many an(prenominal) advantages over copper cables. According to Collins (2015) here is the advantages of using fibre optic cablesBANDWIDTHFibre optic offers high bandwidth compared to copper wire. High bandwidth means that fibre optic cables are capable of carrying multiple signal over one cable instead of one signal over one wire with copper wire. Aircraft system sends multiple signals for one flight control and using conventional copper wire in FBW system, it needs a bundle of wires exactly for one flight control. Using fibre optic cable to replace copper wire will reduce significantly the amount of copper wire thus reducing the weight of the aircraft.HIGH SPEEDBy understanding the concept of fibre optic cable, it has a faster signal transfer rate compare to copper wire. Fibre optic cable carries light signal in which the speed of light travels much faster than electrical current in copper wire.DISTANCEFibre optic cable capable of carrying signal on longer distance without degrading the quality of the signal as the light have less susceptibility to signal lost during transmission. It does not require any step up or step down voltage exchangeable copper wire does.SECURITYCopper wire are easily tap into and less secure compared to fibre optic cable. Electrical signal in a copper wire are also easy to be change by intercepting the signal and can be done by non-professional. Whereas fibre optic cable are made from glass strands which makes it incredibly difficult to intercept the signal without breaking the cable. Even with professionals, the cable are very contest to intercept midway and if it were done at the source, it is still very tough to change the signal without the proper equipment.RELIABILITYCopper wire and fibre optic cable both susc eptibility to worn out over time but instead of posing a fire hazard like copper wire does, fibre optics does not pose any risk of fire hazard as it only carries light signals. Temperature, moisture and severe weather condition could cause copper wire having signal loss or even complete loss of connectivity but it does not happen with fibre optic cable. In terms of studier, fibre optic cable can withstand around 100-200 lbs. of pressure without damaging the cable while copper wire typically are delicate and enough to withstand only at about 25 lbs. of pressure before damaging the wire. cables length SIZEHigher amount of connections require more copper wire to be able to process all the signals at a higher speed as copper wire slaying in signal transferring is directly connected with the cable size. Fibre optic cable size does not determine by the size of the cable and by that, it can be used for multiple signals transfer without affecting the speed or the quality of the signal. Fib re optic cable are much simpler to use and relatively lighter than copper wire.COSTAlthough fibre optic cable today are still considered as more expensive than copper wire in a short term but with it being lighter, more reliable, and much better performance than copper wire makes it a valuable enthronement for a long run. Fibre optic cable are also easy to maintain which in turn less cost needed.IMMUNE TO electromagnetic INTERFERENCE (EMI)Copper wire carries electrical signal which runs by dint of in bundles of wire in close proximity. When electrical signal flow through a wire, it creates an electromagnetic field. Electrical signal are easily stirred by electromagnetic field which then deteriorate the signals. Not only had it affected by its own electromagnetic field, it is also affected by electromagnetic frequency given out by other electronic devices such as a hand phone, microwave, or even lightning strike. Using light signals by fibre optic cable, it does not create any ele ctromagnetic field or affected by other electromagnetic frequency. Being immune to EMI, fibre optic cable does not require shielding as copper wire does. No shielding means an extra weight loss using fibre optic cable rather than copper wire.2.2.2 INSTALLATION OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE ON AIRCRAFTAccording to Garg, Linda and Chowdhury (2014), FBL system will follows the same concept as the FBW system except for FBL, the sensors will be replaced with opthalmic rather than standard electrical or electronic as on FBW system. All the cables routing will be no different than copper wire in FBW but with added advantage of using less amount of fibre optic cable because it is capable of transmitting more than one signal per cable making it lightweight and its immune to EMI needs no shielding thus reducing weight even further.In order to change all the sensors and actuators into optical, Photonic Controlled Actuation System or PCAS is introduced. This actuator system is a modified version of stan dard Electro Mechanical Actuator or EMA but with added optical ascendence that commands EMA. The signal that being sent to EMA is the same signal sent by the flight control computer. In order for the EMA to received and react to the signal, the engineers have modified the EMA to make sure the signal sent via light from the optical controller is readable. As the PCAS will utilized light signal to react, all other sensors such as the actuator position, motor position and current are replaced by optical sensors. take to 1 Fly-by-Wire standard wire routing in aircraft (ICCCI, 2014) figure out 2 FBL utilized the same cable routing as the FBW but with reduced cable amount (ICCCI, 2014)2.2.2 set fire to PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTBased on John R Todd (1996), during the mid-1994, McDonnell Douglas police squad start working for two years project called the Fly-by-Light go System Hardware Program or also known as nictate Program. FLASH program was initiated to develop a reliabl e and cost sound FBL system and hardware for aircraft in military and commercial. This FLASH program aims to be able to demonstrate the FBL system use on aircraft specifically. In summer 1996, the team was able to put on two demonstration of aircraft using FBL system. Ground demonstration with the FBL system on a spellial flight control system and during flight demonstration, aileron trim control system was replaced with FBL system. The FBL system that was installed on the test aircraft was built on open architecture computer programme which have its own advantage.2.2.2.1 dissipate ARCHITECTURE CONCEPTIn the computer industry according to Computerhope.com (2017) the definition of open architecture is an open computer programme and was built on common platform so that any hardware and software can be use, reconfigure or modified to fit the platform such as the IBM computer. In aviation, Flexible fomite Management System or flexible VMS is the same as open architecture used in com puter industry. Flexible VMS means that the aircraft system will be built on base platform using common hardware and software which can be expanded, outsourced and reconfigured to fit any aircraft system platform be it in commercial or military material body. The public assistance of having open architecture in flexible VMS will encourage more development on a system and more integration of new role with potential growth. Other benefit from using an open platform in flexible VMS is it will reduce cost significantly as the platform will use a very identical and same modular blocks so there is no need for further research for new platform every time new idea and innovation present itself. Future aircraft system such as the FBL system can be built on open architecture which not only save cost for development but also time.By using open architecture concept on flexible VMS, the McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Control and Avionics System or ACAS has managed to expand and contracted a single platform to fit new FBL system according to the need of transport aircraft with various size and shape. Using the flexible VMS for ACAS has managed to maximize the commonness and the ability to share hardware on any platform regardless of the commercial aircraft or the military aircraft while keeping the development cost down and save time. The ACAS architecture is also part of the FLASH program to develop and built sustainable and reliable FBL system in future aircraft system.2.2.2.2 MAJOR ASPECTS IN FLASH PROGRAMAs stated by John R. Todd (1996), FLASH program consist of two major aspects that is needed to achieve. The first major aspects of FLASH program responsibility is to develop coordinated fibre optic cable plants and every components needed to make it work. The first development focuses on producing reliable cable plants and its components and also to figure out the deftnesss mathematical function as well as the maintainability of the new system components. The cables an d components must be able to withstand aircraft environment to fit the purpose. This aspect of development has been assigned as TASK 1A. Major associate with MDA-TA for TASK 1A in the FLASH program was Berg Electronics.TASK 2A is the advancement from TASK 1A development where the cable plants and components that were real and produced in TASK 1A were used to demonstrate FBL system on flexible VMS. Honeywell as the major team mate along with HR Textron, GEC-Marconi and Allied Signal were involved in the development of TASK 2A as the effort of develop and implement the new FBL system on aircraft. The team have managed to produce and develop the main flight control fibre optic data bus system, Fly-by-Light primary flight control computers (PFCs), a representative remote terminal/ distribution social unit (RDU) which is a saucy actuator with low cost fibre optic data links to the RDU and lastly, a flight test done on the FBL aileron trim system. pattern TASK 1A and TASK 2A in FLASH P rogramFLASH Task 1A successfully developed high density fiber optic bay wreath cable and associations that passed the aircraft environment test and deemed as flightworthy. This ribbon cables and connectors will be the backbone of the FBL system for aircraft control system. Single-fiber fanout assembly, conduit systems including clamps, splitters and connector backshells were also developed by Task 1A for FLASH program. MDA Advanced System Technology also responsible in developing a safe and reliable elicitation procedure as well as maintenance procedure that are cost effective for both manufacturer and clients. Increased reliability and maintainability also ensure a reduction cost in installation and maintenance labour.AVMAC was the high density fiber optic connector being developed by Task 1A under the FLASH program that was meant to be the termination of fiber optic ribbon cable. The ribbon cable is basically constructed using 18 fibers arranged into linear arrangement into o ne ribbon. The advantage of having the fiber optic ribbon cable for FBL system is that the ribbon cable can provide several optical fiber in one small interconnected package apart from bundles of copper wires as in FBW system. Although the fiber optic ribbon cable consist of 18 optical fibers, the physical aspect and appearances of the ribbon cable is not far from a single channel fiber optic cable. The ribbon cables are also has been classified as flight adapted by MDA AST which met all the aircraft environment specifications, mechanical requirements and optical requirements set forth by MDC specifications. The ribbon cable is not develop only for 18 optical fibers installation but it can be reduce or increase according to the requirement but Task 1A team considered 18 optical fibers is the best option and suitable for FBL system on aircraft.Identical to fiber optic ribbon cable assembly is the optical fan-out assembly. The difference between these two cable is one of them carr ies all 18 optical fibers in one protective casing and the other one commutes the package into 18 individual fiber optic channel. Fan-out assembly designs and material use is the same as the ribbon cable assembly but fan-out assembly use to separate 18 optical fibers into single channel so that each single optical fiber channel can be routed to several locations on aircraft.During FLASH task 1A, the team encountered many challenges to ensure the reliability of the installation and maintenance for fiber optic cable. One of the option they selected was using a piping to house the fiber optic cable. This tube is a conduit that is made up of clear plastic tubing. The conduit is the best option to safe guard the fiber optic cable since it is also lightweight and with the added benefit of it being easy to replace, remove or add fiber optic cable with ease. Maintenance wise, this clear plastic conduit is relatively transparent makes it easy to keep an eye on any damaged fiber optic cabl e using a laser fault finder. The team also develop a special connector which is the backshell or the conduit adapter to ensure the conduit is easy to access and protect the fiber optic cable.Task 2A for FLASH program is to develop and installation of the flight control using FBL system using parts and components produced by Task 1A. Task 2A will be responsible to put on FBL system onto test aircraft but limited to certain flight control surfaces for ground and flight demonstration.Ground demonstration team for Task 2A have managed to develop and installed the main flight control fiber optic data bus system, the FBL primary flight control computers or the PFCs, a remote terminal/ distribution unti or the RDU and a smart actuator along with an affordable fiber optic data link to the RDU.The demonstration from ground team for Task 2A will validate whether the aircraft closed loop system with FBL installation will function accordingly. The ground demonstration covers all ACAS architect ure including Active Hand Controllers (AHCs), Primary Flight Control Computers (PFCs) the optical data buses (ARINC-429 and AS-1773A). a smart actuator for spoiler, an intelligent Remote Distribution Unit (RDU), and AVMAC connector that Task 1A previously developed.According to John R. Todd et al (1993), the real challenge of FBL system is the installation process and maintenance that needs to be done just like any other systems. MDA-TA/DAC have come up with few options on how to install and maintain the FBL system on aircraft. Some of the options are modification of present product and some of it are an improvement from previous product to suit with fibre optic and the FBL system.FIBER OPTIC TRAY INSTALLATIONAs FBW nowadays advances into more electrical aircraft, the amount of copper wire increasing to cater huge entreat of electrical system. Aircraft manufacturer have come up with the idea of tray installation which provide a specific compartment to install all the wiring to ease the work for maintenance by separating each compartment according to their function. Figure below is the example of tray installation concept being use for FBW system.Figure Example of tray installation for fibre optic/wire on aircraftThis tray installation concept from FBW system will give more advantage for FBL system due to the reduction of the numbers of interconnects making FBL configuration more practical and effective.CONDUIT ASSEMBLYAll of MDA-TA/DAC production aircraft utilized conduit assembly which is basically a clear tubing. The main purpose of this conduit is to provide extra security to the cables where work is done on a tight spacing and less work area. If the conduit is accidently bent, the tubing will always maintain a safe bending radius and prevent any physical damage to the cables. The tubing is also lightweight and very durable which adds another advantage. Using the conduit assembly, hybrid configuration may be achieve by combining both electrical and fibre o ptic cable into a same conduit. The following figure will show the examples of conduit assembly as MDA-TA/DAC are using on their production aircraft.FIGURE Flexible Conduit for Fibre Optic InstallationACTIVE OPTICAL buttActive Optical Contact or AOC is an active optical device that is embedded into the electrical contact point or connector shell. This type of installation basically use standard electrical connectors but inside the connectors, the electrical signal from transmitter is being converted into light signal and send through fibre optic cable which will reach the end of the cable in the form of light signals. This light signals then will be converted into electrical signal inside the receiver connectors which also have the embedded optical device. The AOC will act as the connector between two electrical signal port that is the transmitter and the receiver but will be sending the signal in the form of light signal via fibre optic cable. This results in no optical contact be tween transmitter and the receiver thus eliminating the need of extra devices at the end of both port to convert light signal into electrical signal.FIGURE Active Optical ContactFIGURE Example of AOC working principle (https//www.slideshare.net/allanlee/sfp-trrx-selection-guidejan2014)AVIONIC MULTIFIBER ARRAY CONNECTOR (AVMAC)Multifiber set off Connector II or MACII that was being use is going to be replace with the new Avionic Multifiber Array Connector or AVMAC. The new AVMAC was developed with ATT with the purpose of upgrading the old MACII for fibre optic connection. The main function of new AVMAC is to be the termination point of fibre optic ribbon assembly. Ribbon fibre is basically a group of fibres, 12 or 18, arranged into a linear set out. This ribbon fibre will be jacketed, wrap with buffer coat and strength extremity which will be very similar to the single channel fibre as MDA/TA-DAC approved. The AVMAC is a device which will connect the array of fibre in the ribbon t o hold each individual fibre so that it can be align and easier to install to the other mating half.Figure Cross-sectional of ribbon fibre assembly which consist of 12 fibre optic cables.SPLICESDuring maintenance and installation, fibre optic needs to be splice to fit. afterward testing several fibre optic mechanical splices and only two mechanical splices that achieved MDA/TA-DAC approval. Although the two mechanical splices is considered to date fit their installation and maintenance approach, it is still cannot withstand the aircraft environment and none is consider as the right mechanical splices for aviation grade quality. The reasons for this result came from several points of the disadvantage of using market-ready mechanical splices in aircraft environment. First reason, fibre optic cable need to remove the buffer and the strength member in order to do splicing. If the buffer and strength member removed from the cable, every mechanical protection for the glass fibre ends at the splicing. Second, having the glass fibre exposed to the atmosphere, moisture in the air will get into the micro-cracks that naturally exist and will further expand the severity of the cracks into larger cracks. Increase in optical power loss as the micro-cracks elongated and propagated. Lastly, apart from previous problems with market-ready mechanical splices, it is also imposed a fire hazard due to this fusion splicing creates spark while being use on aircraft. Regulation made it clear that any devices that create spark or open flame are not permitted on fuelled aircraft. Due to the disadvantages mentioned, MDA-TA has develop their own designs for their fibre optic mechanical and chemical bond splices.The new invention of splices/connectors would be a small, one piece construction that is lightweight and could withstand aircraft environment. The new connectors that were design with environmentally sealed construction should be accepting a single mated pin and socket termini for either fibre optic cable or standard copper wire. The connectors is very adaptable and can be install anywhere directly onto fibre optic cable that might need repairs such as a splices, modification or maintenance purpose. Next figure will show the example of the newly design connectors to fit aircraft usage and regulation.Figure Fibre Optic/ Electrical Single-Channel Splice/ Connector/ FeedthroughContentsABSTRACTPart 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 OVERVIEW1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THIS STUDY1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES1.4 HYPOTHESIS1.5 LIMITATIONPart 2 Literature Review2.1 Overview2.2 FLY-BY-LIGHT AS NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR AIRCRAFT SYSTEM2.2.1 Advantages of using fibre optic cables over copper cables2.2.2 INSTALLATION OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE ON AIRCRAFT2.2.2 FLASH PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT2.2.2.1 OPEN ARCHITECTURE CONCEPT2.2.2.2 MAJOR ASPECTS IN FLASH PROGRAM

Evidence Based Mental Health Nursing

Evidence Based amiable Health nursingIntroductionThis report will focus on the assessment and forethought planning for an individual using the psychological health services. Evidence based entree will be deploy in order to be sufficient to record, review and monitor the progress of the service giver. Evidence-based practice is a structured and systematic approach to using research based knowledge of effectiveness to express practice (Olfson, 2009). Knowledge includes formal information derived from research, for example from published trials and reviews. It also encompasses the informal knowledge and wisdom of practitioners, sometimes called tacit knowledge. This informal knowledge skunk include, in addition, the expertise of those who receive an intervention, whether that is medication, talking therapies or attending a p atomic number 18nting skills group.Care design Approach(certified public accountant)provides the framework for assessing and charge planning for a pers on with psychical unwellness. certified public accountant was introduced in 1991 by Department of Health as a systematic arrangement for assessing the health and social require of people accepted into specialist mental health services (Kingdon, 1998). The formation of the plan will detail the health and social keeping required from a variety of provider as well as the appointment of a key worker to animation in close touch with the service user and to monitor and co-ordinate tutelage. In addition, regular reviews will be conducted where necessary, agreed changes to the deal plan. Hence, in this report, I will outline the main principles of CPA and deploy the use of Tidal lesson and principles through with(predicate)out the report by Tidal models principles to clinical practice and assessment and care planning.A detailed background and information about the individual receiving care in the clinical section of where I work will be provided. And to make it clearer for the audi ence of this report, I will highlight the purpose of conducting this assessment as well as the process of the assessment. The discussion will centre on care planning and the strategies or issues that may impact the process. In order to keep the identity of the person under care anonymous in in accordance with confidentiality and the NMC code, only the initial of the individual will be utilize through the discussion in this report. As a nurse, I owe a duty of confidentiality to all those who are receiving care under me and that includes making sure that they are informed about their care and that information about them is shared appropriately (Maloney, 2016).Care Programme Approach Framework and The Tidal ModelThe Care Programme Approach (CPA) is a way that services are assessed, planned, co-ordinated and reviewed for someone with mental health problems or a range of related complex ineluctably (Nhs.uk, 2017). CPA are generally offered to individual that have been diagnosed for hav ing a severe mental disorder, someone who is at risk of suicide, self-harm, or harm to others and people with history of vehemence or self-harm. In addition, the service is avail open for people that vulner suitable, this could be for divers(prenominal) reasons such as physical or emotional abuse, financial difficulties because of mental illness or cognitive impairment.The three main core principles of CPA according to Rowland (2013) are the assessments of the necessitate of the individual, allocation of a care coordinator and plan how to meet the needs of the person. The coordinator will ensure that the plan include the fully assess of the service user needs, it will also show how the NHS and other organisations will meet the needs of the person, including the family in some cases. It has to be regularly reviewed by the coordinator to monitor progress. In addition, the coordinator will have to think about all the mental health needs of the service user, medication and side effec ts, employment, training or education and personal circumstances including family and carers. The assessment will include the risk of the service user to themselves or other, either there is a problem with drugs or alcohol. The CPA is a model for good practice which remains applicable today.However, the CPA is a care for those of working age in contact with specialist mental health and social care services (Donohue, 2014). It is crucial to work have an integrated approach across health and social care to minimise the distress and confusion sometimes experienced by people referred to the mental health system and their carers. In addition, professionals have found some aspects of the CPA over-bureaucratic, managers and service users alike have found the lack of consistency confusing (Donohue, 2014). It is they who have been working and living with the CPA for some age now and it is important to take account of their views. In the nutrshell, Bree-Aslan and Hampton (2009) indicated tha t CPA is not a model of care moreover a nib and process to guide nurses on how to provide effective service for people with mental illness. By embracing an integrated approach where by a seamless service canister be achieved through an integrated approach to care co-ordination which provides for a single point of referral and a unified health and social care assessment process (Koopmans, 2013).Tidal model will be deployed through the care planning and assessment in this report. This principles and philosophies of this model will help to found an in depth understanding to the process of assessment and care-planning. Tidal model is a mental health recovery model which may be used as the basis for interdisciplinary mental health care. It was developed by Dr Phil Barker and Poppy Buchanan-Barker as a philosophical approach to the discovery of mental health (Barker and Buchanan-Barker, 2010). The Tidal Model accentuates helping people reclaim the personal story of mental distress, b y recovering their voice. With service user, own language, metaphors and personal stories, people can begin to reclaim the meaning of their personal experiences. Helping someone to a problem in living is rarely easy because everyone is unique and each persons answer to any problem in living also is unique. Hence, what works one person may not always work for another.In Tidal model. The first step towards someone with mental illness recovering control over their lives. The model enable mental health nursing to be used as the basis for interdisciplinary mental health care and the focus begin with begin with the recovery journey when the person is at their lowest ebb experiencing the near serious problems in living (Barker and Buchanan-Barker, 2010). The Tidal Model provides a practice framework for the exploration of the patients need for nursing and the provision of individually tailored care. (Barker P, 2001) and it is considered as a mid-range theory of nursing, hence the main f ocus of the model is on helping individual people, make their own voyage of discovery. From the research, already been conducted by different scholars, the combination of CPA framework and Tidal model with the collaboration with the service user will enable them to recognise areas and needs that will be most suitable for their recovery as well as promoting a culture of person-centred care that is not associated with CPA framework.BiographyJanet Bonet is a 58-year-old female living with her girl who is one of her three children. Janet has never been married and also has no partner at the moment, although she said to have been in different relationships in the past but which seem to lead nowhere. My mentor and I have been asked to assess Janet during her inpatient appointment at the centre. Janet has been known to mental health services over the years and has a history of disengagement. She has had a diagnosis of severe depression in the past and also suffers from back problem which impacts on her mental health.Janet has never been able to keep a job due to her physical health and so she has been in benefits most of her life. Due to financial stress in the past, she has self-neglected and now enumerate on her carer who is also her daughter for reinforcing stimulus in daily activities. Also, she was asked by the council to downsize her four-bedroom house to a two-bedroom house which she has done but still waiting on the lodgement list to be moved closer to her family and she finds this waiting period stressful as she has been waiting for over a year so housing is also her concern.Recently, she has been experiencing a lot of fluctuations in her mood as she reports that she lost her Dad, Mum,Nan,and Grandad within two weeks of each other and found this extremely woeful and also has been having thoughts of harming herself. Her daughter is her carer and she also claims that her other children along with her grandchildren do visit sometimes which makes her think less about self-harming herself. She speculates My children and grandchildren are my protective factors. She went further to say that she has been experiencing feelings of emptiness and anger due to the fact that she does not feel safe in her neighbourhood as she feels some people are out to make her.Janet admits that in the past she has not been compliant with her medication due to side effects but is willing to be compliant with treatment now that she feels she is in crisis in order to promote her recovery. Janet has also reported suicidal thoughts in the past and has had two attempts at committing suicide.Assessment The assessment of service user with mental illness include collections of different range of information. The information may include mental health symptoms and experiences of the service user, feelings, thoughts and actions physical health and wellbeing, culture and ethnic background, use of drugs or alcohol, social and family relationships and past experiences, es pecially of similar problems. The whole essence of conducting assessment is for the coordinator to be familiar with the life history of the service user. However, I elect deploy Barker (2008, p.66) procedures of assessment by trying to answer the question who the service user is. The procedure will enable the coordinator to focus on the individual as a whole by considering their needs instead on focusing on diagnosis. The second question like what is upon? will incite the service user to give information about their state of mind and wellbeing. For a nurse, the concept is to show empathy for the service user to be at tranquilize and feel unthreatened to give more information about the state of the health and their experience. The correlate with Tidal model of Barker and Buchanan-Barker (2010) that indicated that coordinator can deploy a holistic assessment whereby the service user is allowed to tell their story and world of experience. Through holistic assessment, therapeutic co mmunication, and the ongoing collection of objective and subjective data, nurses are able to provide improved person-centred care to patients. A holistic assessment approach acknowledges and addresses the physiological, psychological, sociological, developmental, spiritual and cultural needs of the patient (Kreys, 2014).However, finding out who the person is and what is wrong with them, is just one part of the assessment. It is essential to form a collaborative and empowering relationship with the service user in order for them to be comfortable most the coordinator. Hence, service user should be treated with respect and dignity no matter the state of their health.ReferencesBarker, P. (2008). What are psychiatrists for?. Mental Health Practice, 12(1), pp.11-11.Barker, P. and Buchanan-Barker, P. (2010). The Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery and Reclamation Application in Acute Care Settings. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(3), pp.171-180.Bree-Aslan, C. and Hampton, S. (2009) . Pressure care, part two the importance of assessment. Nursing and Residential Care, 11(1), pp.12-17.Donohue, P. (2014). Involving families in planning and assessment of community services. Nursing and Residential Care, 16(3), pp.175-176.Kingdon, D. (1998). Reclaiming the care programme approach. Psychiatric Bulletin, 22(6), pp.341-341.Koopmans, R. (2013). Mental health in long-term care settings The Dutch approach. Geriatric Mental Health Care, 1(1), pp.3-6.Kreys, T. (2014). A holistic approach to patient care in psychiatry. Mental Health Clinician, 4(3), pp.98-99.Maloney, P. (2016). Nursing Professional Development. journal for Nurses in Professional Development, 32(6), pp.327-330.Nhs.uk. (2017). Mental health services Care Programme Approach NHS Choices. online Available at http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/social-care-and-support-guide/Pages/care-programme-approach.aspx Accessed 28 Feb. 2017.Olfson, M. (2009). Review limited evidence to support specialist mental health services as a lternatives to inpatient care for young people with severe mental health disorders. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 12(4), pp.117-117.Rowland, P. (2013). Core principles and determine of effective team-based health care. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 28(1), pp.79-80.

Brett Farve Bio Essay -- essays research papers

Brett FavreI have chosen Brett Favre for my biography paper. The name of the biographywas Brett Favre and it was written by Martin Mooney. If you love football you shouldread this book. I chose Brett Favre because he is a great quarterback and role model tochildren everywhere. I also chose him because he is a football legendBrett was born(p) in a small town called Kiln, Mississippi, on October 10, 1969. Hewas given the name Brett Lorenzo Favre. He also grew up in this small town where hewas as the second oldest of his family. His parents were Irvin and Bonita Favre. Both hisparents worked at Hancock North Central High school. Irvin, being a teacher, baseballcoach and football coach, and Bonita was a peculiar(a) education teacher. Brett loved to playfootball all his life. In fifth grade he decided which position he wanted to play when hewent out for wide receiver and landed on the football after a catch and lost his breath. Hetold his father, the coach for his team, I dont want to play wide receiver no more. Ever since that day he has been a quarterback after his dad put him as one, and scored 4touchdowns.As a teenager Brett grew up about the same as anyone else. Since he grew up in atotally football enclosed family, with his chum salmon playing football in college and his fatherbeing a coach, he loved the game. He has the same posters, and the same dreams andheroes as most k...

Free Essays - Boys to Men in The Red Badge of Courage :: The Red Badge of Courage

Boys to Men in Red Badge of Courage The Civil War took more American lives than any other war in history. It divided the pack of the United States, so that in many families brother fought brother. The four years of bloodshed left a legacy of grief and cheekiness that remains in part even today. The war started on April twelfth, 1861 in Charleston, South Carolina. It ended four years later on April ninth, 1865. Many people call this tragic conflict the War Between the States, the War of the Rebellion, the War of the Secession, or the War for southern Independence. But regardless of what it is called, the war was a immense wriggleing point in American history. What is so interesting about Cranes Red Badge of Courage? I found out that war turns boys into maturate men, the real dialect and slang used during the war, and what its like to be a soldier in the Civil War. The whole novel covers only two old age in the life of Henry Flemming, the main character. In that amount of time, war can turn a boy into a man. It does not physically turn an individual into a grown man, but it mentally matures them. War matures boys into a men is by experiencing new, unpredictable environments and adjusting to unfamiliar smells, sounds, and emotions. Think about it, being in that respect on a battlefield witnessing deaths of friends and comrades would have to have an effect on a human being. Being in a war and to be more or less new faces, new personalities, confusion, and trauma would force one to adapt to an environment faster than you usually would. Just imagine leaving your country home and go in a new and frightening world on a battlefield. What can make one a hero or a coward? Fears, emotions, thoughts, and feelings can be the factors that contribute towards the struggle. As I read this novel I lived not only Henrys actions, but also his individual thoughts and feelings.There was shootin here an shootin there, an hollerin here and hollerin there, in th did dly-squat darkness, until I couldnt tell t save m soul which side I was on (p.136, Crane). By utilizing the soldiers talking in a dialect that was common during the war and victimisation slang to represent certain words reflected the authors emphasis on realism and descriptiveness.